“Wine of Astonishment” Analysis

Setting In  The Wine of Astonishment, the setting is very significant as it gives the reader a better understanding of the background and atmosphere of the story. The story is set over a twenty year period somewhere between nineteen thirty two and nineteen fifty one. It is in a small, remote village in Trinidad called Bonasse where everything takes place. The setting is one of the best techniques in a story, as it has the power to make us feel like we are actually in the story and watching everything take place right before our eyes.The village setting is surrounded by African folk culture which is seen by the stick fighting and chantwell traditions, the communal pride in Bolo's prowess over Ivan Morton's achievements. By this rural setting the reader has to consider their way of life seen by Eva's plantain crushing to the calypsos by light of the flambeau outside Buntin's shop as well as their economic background which at that time was predominantly agricultural with the plating o f cocoa and sugar. It also makes the characterization more intimate where we see love between Joyce and Clyde.The events more symbolic such as the Spiritual Baptist religion which plays a pivotal part in the story. Characterization EVA Eva is the narrator of the story ‘Wine of Astonishment’. She is the wife of Bee and the mother of five. Eva lives in the village of Bonasse with Bee and the three younger of her children. She is of African descent and is of the Shouter Baptist faith. She is a very religious woman and she believes all things happen for a reason. She believes that God gives them all their trials and tribulations because they can bear them.She is a loving mother as she tells her son Reggie that even though he failed his examination, he still had his life in front of him. Her motherly nature is also shown when she was worried about Joyce, her daughter, and Clyde’s relationship. Eva and Bee have been married for twenty-three years and are very close to each other. Eva tries to help Bee by convincing him that they could bear their burdens and convincing him that Ivan Morton would help them. She also tells him that while they do not have as much as others, they have the necessities, and need no more. BEE Bee is the leader of the Shouter Baptist Church in Bonasse.He is married to Eva and has five children, three of which lives with him and his wife in Bonasse. He is of African descent. He is often burdened by his position, yet he cannot simply leave, he must go on, as seen when Eva narrates in page 3, â€Å"†¦and maybe he want to say to hell with the church, to hell with Ivan Morton, to hell with everything, but he can’t get out the web, he must go on hoping. † Ivan Morton was in the Council for Bonasse and Bee sacrificed for him to be there, however Ivan Morton was doing nothing to help the Shouter Baptists and that frustrated Bee greatly.He is very religious and hates the fact that they could not worship God in t heir own way but had to abide to the laws. He relies on his wife, Eva, as his confident and supporter. She helps him to get back up when he is down. Bee seems to be very wary of letting his last son, Reggie, to go to high school because he fears what it may make him. Narrative Technique The story is told in first person, as the narrator is known to be Eva a main character of the play.The first person narrative, captures the attention of the reader in an early stage of the piece of literature, understanding and wanting to understand the situation that the narrator would currently be involved in . We look at the story through her point of view and see the turn of events as they occur through her eyes. Most of the story is written in dialect, as it would be the way that Eva, the story teller would commonly be speaking. It also encourages the readers to be in favor of one party(s) in the story, not having the input of another narrator or that of an omniscient narrator, who would not giv e the story only one point of view.This narrative technique is very useful in capturing the reader’s attention as it helps him/her (as the case may be) get a better grasp into what’s going on within that person’s life and having full access to that person’s most private thoughts and feelings. As it is in Eva’s case, we see her life and struggles within herself, causing the reader to take a special interest in Eva and to empathize for her in whatever situation she is facing, as she describes it to the reader(s).

Music : Expressionism

‘Prettier' from five orchestral pieces is an atonal (no significant key signature) Expressionist piece of music written by Austrian composer Schoenberg (who is associated with the expressionist movement of the early twentieth century and was the founder of the second Viennese school of music). It was composed in 1909, written for a big orchestra, made up of mainly flutes oboes clarinets and bassoons.Additionally some other brass instruments and percussion play in the piece such as the trumpet, trombone, xylophone, cymbals and bass drum. Prettier' can be described as a very intense and restless piece of music with many quick changes in speed, mood and instrumentation. The translation of Prettier into English is ‘ a sudden change in fortune†, which perfectly describes the nature of this piece. One factor which makes ‘Prettier' a clear example of expressionist music is the instrumentation.In this piece the instruments are often played at the extreme of their regi sters, heightening the dramatic style which sets the stage for this expressionist piece of music by including extreme contrasts in the dynamics, which an be seen in the score of the piece where Schoenberg marks from ‘up' to ‘if. Another two factors which portray the genre of this piece are the constantly changing textures and unusual structure; there are many motifs which are changed throughout the piece however there is no concrete main melody.It is made out of complicated melodic fragments which are based on 6 notes from 12 different semitones in a scale, known as hexachord, which are almost in rondo form (abaca.. ) where the same melodic idea returns many times. The ‘a' theme, which returns more than twice, are each very different to each other and described as ‘almost unrecognizable'. This creates a sensation of unawareness , a feeling of unpredictability and suspense for the listener, we never expect what we will hear next.The idea of using free rondo fo rm is used to bring the same atmosphere, mood and feel of a motif rather than the exact, precise copy of notes. An example of a hexachord in this piece is the recurring hexachord in bar 8 , ( a, b flat, c , c sharp, e , f) laded as a motif and chord by the horns Each different section of the piece varies in length swell as the continuously varying textures and tempos. Schoenberg frequently changes the speed within Prettier. He uses a lot of different note lengths ranging from deem-semiquavers to semibreves.This use of constantly changing tempos, melodies and dynamics heightens the dramatic nature of the piece making it very exciting for the listener! The timbre, pitch and harmonies of this piece are very particular to the style of expressionism. The dissonant harmonies and clashing sounds throughout this piece create discomfort for the listener and are successfully used to convey the desired emotions of the composer, which he was aiming to express through his music.As well as the su dden and extreme changes in dynamics and rhythms in this piece, the textures vary as well. This piece has a contrapuntal texture with moments of polyphonic and homophobic textures too; ranging from a solo flute to the whole orchestra playing which provide possibilities of creating dramatic moments of climax thin the song, once again conveying deep emotions and conflict, fitting perfectly into the expressionistic genre.The melody in Prettier is fragmented and is played by all the instruments at different times throughout the piece, known as ‘agglomeration's' (tone-color melody). Additionally the melody is very angular and distinct and often uses repeated notes or short motifs, which enhances the uncomfortable feeling for the listener. Schoenberg plays with the timbre of this piece, with quick, sudden changes between families of instruments such as the brass ND woodwinds; which in result varies the sound of the piece making it more unusual and unpredictable.Prettier perfectly fi ts into the category of expressionism through the exiting use of changing dynamics, tempos, harmonies, textures, orchestral devices, melodies and rhythms, making this piece exiting and vibrant to listen to every time. Each time it is played new moments are found that were previously unknown to the listener, bringing something new to its audience each time it is heard, whether it be emotional or categorical, thus evidently fitting into the genre of expressionism.

Becoming a Chemist Years of School and Steps to Take

Chemists study matter and energy and reactions between them. Youll need to take advanced courses to become a chemist, so its not a job you pick up right out of high school. If youre wondering how many years it takes to become a chemist, the broad answer is 4 to 10 years of college and graduate study. The minimum education requirement to be a chemist is a college degree, such as a B.S. or Bachelor of Science in chemistry or a B.A. or Bachelor of Arts in chemistry. Usually, this takes 4 years of college. However, entry-level jobs in chemistry are relatively scarce and may offer limited opportunities for advancement. Most chemists have masters (M.S.) or doctoral (Ph.D.) degrees. Advanced degrees usually are required for research and teaching positions. A masters degree typically takes another 1 1/2 to 2 year (total of 6 years of college), while a doctoral degree takes 4 to 6 years. Many students get their masters degree and then proceed to the doctoral degree, so it takes, on average, 10 years of college to get a Ph.D. You can become a chemist with a degree in a related field, such as chemical engineering, environmental science, or materials science. Also, many chemists with advanced degrees may have one or more of their degrees in math, computer science, physics, or another science because chemistry requires mastery of multiple disciplines. Chemists also learn about laws and regulations related to their area of expertise. Working as an intern or a postdoc in a lab is a good way to gain hands-on experience in chemistry, which may lead to a job offer as a chemist. If you get a job as a chemist with a bachelor degree, many companies will pay for additional training and education to keep you current and help you advance your skills. How to Become a Chemist While you can transition from another career into chemistry, there are steps to take if you know you want to become a chemist when youre you. Take the appropriate courses in high school. These include all college-track courses, plus you should try to get as much math and science as possible. If you can, take high school chemistry because it will help prepare you for college chemistry. Make sure you have a solid understanding of algebra and geometry.Pursue a bachelors degree in science. If you want to be a chemist, the natural choice of a major is chemistry. However, there are related majors that can lead to a career in chemistry, including biochemistry and engineering. An associates degree (2-year) might land you a technician job, but chemists need more courses. Important college courses include general chemistry, organic chemistry, biology, physics, and calculus.Gain experience. In college, youll have the opportunity to take summer positions in chemistry or to help with research in your junior and senior years. Youll need to seek these programs out and tell professors youre interested in getting hands-on experience. This experience will help you get into graduate school and ultimately land a job.Get an advanced degree from a graduate school.  You can go for a Masters degree or doctorate. Youll choose a specialty in graduate school, so this is a good time to know which career you want to pursue.Get a job. Dont expect to start your dream job fresh out of school. If you got a Ph.D., consider doing postdoctoral work. Postdocs gain additional experience and are in an excellent position to find a job.

The Undeniable Reality About A Prayer for Owen Meany Essay Topics That No One Is Telling You

The Undeniable Reality About A Prayer for Owen Meany Essay Topics That No One Is Telling You The Debate Over a Prayer for Owen Meany Essay Topics The majority of the action is reached through dialogue. Structurally, the book isn't in chronological order. In addition, they are good in different types of essays. In the long run, it feels like the entire story the OA presents is made up. The Key to Successful a Prayer for Owen Meany Essay Topics At the conclusion of the entire analysis, your verdict has to be given and it should underline the beneficial and negative characteristics of the book in question. His beliefs in all kinds of things help him to attain this status. There are some errors including some conclusions that the author of the summary appears to get inferred on her or his own. There a more local explanation arrives to have a bigger significance. Owen felt he had the right to, because it's his own opinion. At the start of the novel, it is clear that Owen is pa rticular. Finally, Owen was appropriate. Disappointed and angry, he promises that it will be a temporary assignment. At age 11, he's the magnitude of a 5-year-old. Welcome to bear in mind a terrific title for each atom belonging to on amazon. This completely free delivery on amazon. Put in your password and secure custom made video search keyword. Once more, it's tough to recognize gratitude if we are in the present time, especially if we are going through a personal crisis. Our life is similar to a pattern and we are not able to control some conditions, however there's a reason for why they occur. That very first line reveals this story will be about a person's life that had a potent impact. The absolute most important thing we're leaving behind is faith. Irving teaches not just the significance of following ones beliefs and miracles but likewise the significance of being true to your self and others occasionally. 504 John's confusion in destiny comes out of the simple fact he believes that anything is possible in life and that it's not a single enormous blueprint of earth. Johnny also realizes the value of prayer for a symbol of Owen. Thus, in that situation, I strongly suggest that you place your thinking cap and read on. Direct the man to our site and we'll provide the ideal definition to them. Owen's self-awareness and knowledge is the thing that allows him to feel he is headed towards the most suitable path. This includes any material you've got control over the time of tasks performed. He continues to reside previously. Owen is Christ-like in different ways also. Google Def Jam Poetry and you will get a chance to observe a number of the greatest in the company on the job. This linked to another upcoming event. Howeve r, the book is hard to call exclusively religious, and the narrator himself plays a big part within this. Hester is an extremely complicated character who's not given an extremely comprehensive treatment by Irving. But there are lots of laughs in this book, along with a more subdued humor. I really like that novel, Irving stated. Irving strikes the proper notes so many times because he's a story-teller in the genuine sense. He uses this great story to show us what being a true friend is really about. Offers a succinct biography of Irving's life, in addition to a summary of his fiction. If there weren't any room for doubt, there would not be any room for me. Your new assistant can be ready to go in as little as a few days! Jesse took on unique jobs in his spare moment. He chooses to look for the perfect answers and pace everything with each other to solve what John believe is unbelievable. The Unexposed Secret of a Prayer for Owen Meany Essay Topics John Irving is thought of as one of the greatest novelists in modern literature. On a more analytical amount of the book, an individual can assume that John could be presented as a homosexual due to a lot of facets of his nature and way of life. Owen Meany learns a good deal about himself through the duration of his life. Owen Meany, throughout the book, proves he is something past the ordinary, regardless of the fact he was extremely tiny. He nevertheless requires each of the scripture and religion classes supplied by the academy. However, you cannot come out with a superior essay on a prayer for Owen Meany should you do not offer some comprehensive information explaining the significant characters in the job. The book is known as A Prayer for Owen Meany and several copies it's a closeup of engraved granite. The only reason you're a Christian is because you're afraid.

The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet - 655 Words

Anguish is conceived in love and death. William Shakespeare creates turmoil through his language in Romeo and Juliet. His tragedy shows how hate and love coincide with one another. Throughout the play, Romeo and Juliet’s passion for each other keeps them together, but eventually kills them both. Shakespeare creates the conflict through his language. His use of similes, metaphors, and verbal irony set the mood for his play. The way these components flow together create the atmosphere that made this misfortune legendary. In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare uses similes often. For example, he uses a simile to show Lord Montague’s worry for Romeo. Montague goes on to say that Romeo is â€Å"So far from sounding and discovery/As is the bud bit with an envious worm/ Ere he can spread his sweet leaves to the air† (I.i.158-160). The simile in this scene is used to express how Romeo guards his emotions tightly, just as the bud of a flower holds itself tightly until it is com fortable enough to spread its leaves to the air. Furthermore, a simile is found when Romeo is describing love before the Capulet’s party. Due to his heartache from Rosaline, Romeo says, â€Å"Is love a tender thing? It is too rough, Too rude, too boisterous, and it pricks like a thorn† (I.iv.25-26). Romeo is comparing love to a thorn because it is painful. Love teases you and can hurt your heart, just as the thorn of a rose hurts if you touch it. Lastly, when Romeo is sneaking around the Capulets’ party and spots Juliet,Show MoreRelatedThe tragedy of Romeo and Juliet1000 Words   |  4 Pages «The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet » written by William Shakespeare (1564-1616). The plot of the tragedy for the modern people can be fantastic, but the feelings so accurately and piercingly transmitted by author are real.  «The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet » is the story about a real, strong , no children’s love of two young people from two different feuding f amilies, about Juliet Capulet and Romeo Montague, about two lovers who couldn’t live without each other. Only young, clean, Ð ½Ã µ Ã' Ã ²Ã' Ã ·Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð µ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã'€Ð °Ã' Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã ºÃ °Ã ¼Ã ¸Read MoreThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet671 Words   |  3 PagesIn the play Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare there are many occurrences that lead to tragic events. Many people caused or had a part in the tragedy in this play. One example is, Mercutio cursed the two houses before he died and the result was Friar John never sent Romeo the letter with the plan of faking Juliet’s death. These tragedies help shape the plot of the play. One tragic event will start a chain reaction that will lead to another tragic event. According to Matthew J. Bolton, Mercutio wasRead MoreThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet1081 Words   |  5 Pages It is truly a tragedy when two people, who are deeply in love, kill themselves; it is much worse when one of their closest counselors and confidants is to blame for their tragic ending. Friar Laurence is the most to blame for Romeo and Juliet’s death because he didn’t get parental consent to marry Romeo and Juliet, he lied to everyone about whether Juliet was dead or not, and he was the one who provided Juliet with the potion that eventually lead to the death of both young people. Read MoreThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet1040 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet† was written by William Shakespeare (1564-1616). The plot of this tragedy can be fantastic for modern people, but the feelings, which are so accurately and piercingly transmitted by the author, are real. â€Å"The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet† is the story of the really strong love of two young people from two different feuding families. Juliet Capulet and Romeo M ontague are two lovers who couldn’t live without each other. Only young, clean, unprejudiced people such asRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Romeo And Juliet1993 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare s The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, the Capulets selfishness and rage, Nurse s passiveness and moral abandonment, and Friar Lawrence s hastiness and insensitivity causes Romeo and Juliet s alienation and desperation, showing the link between a lack of sensible guidance and rash decisions. Lord and Lady Capulet s explosive anger and selfishness alienate Juliet, teaching how a lack of sensible guidance leads to impetuous choices. Before the Capulet party, Lady Capulet asks Juliet, How standsRead MoreThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet543 Words   |  2 Pages ‘’For never was a story of more woe than this of Juliet and her Romeo’’ – William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet are star crossed lovers and their lives are cut short by death. Are family wishes hazardous, or is it deadly to have flaws? Is the victim at fault here? In the play, Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare provides several of actions and influences that caused Juliet’s tragedy. The death of Juliet can be blamed on multiple factors. It is clear that she is partiallyRead MoreRomeo and Juliet, Tragedy or Romance791 Words   |  3 PagesRomeo and Juliet, Tragedy or Romance? What determines what a true love story is? Many events in Romeo and Juliet make the audience question whether or not they are truly in love or are just blinded by a false or not true version of a not so deep feeling. Romeo and Juliet is a famous love story but it stands out compared to other love stories. Romeo and Juliet continue to be a true love story to this day. They are married at a young age and differentiate from other love stories, it’s still consideredRead MoreRomeo and Juliet as a Tragedy Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesRomeo and Juliet as a Tragedy Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy, which was written by William Shakespeare in 1599. The Elizabethans totally believed in fate, they believed that your destiny was fated. They also believed that fate was fickle, it could change, one day everything would be good and the next day things could be really bad. If you challenged fate, it would take up the challenge. If it wasn’t fate there are many more things which could have caused the tragedy;Read MoreThe Blame For The Tragedy Of Romeo And Juliet1074 Words   |  5 PagesRucha Dave Bergamotto Academic English I: 2A 21 April 2015 The Blame for the Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet In spite of the fact that William Shakespeare continuously alludes to the idea that fate dooms Romeo and Juliet, the theory yet remains doubtful. Some perceive the duo as â€Å"star crossed† lovers, whereas others believe that the actions and traits of those associated with the pair cause the unfortunate ending of the play( I, i, 6). Friar Lawrence in particular, exists as a figure whom the coupleRead MoreThe True Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet819 Words   |  3 Pagesadults with worldly experience direct us down the path of good judgment in order that we may learn how to make good decisions. They near essential to us, even though not everyone has this advantage. William Shakespeare’s famous and celebrated tragedy, Romeo and Juliet, depicts several instances in which the title characters, though still naà ¯ve, behave more responsibly and maturely than the misguided adult figures in their lives–those of the Houses of Capulet and Montague, especially Juliet’s parents, and

Healthcare Economics – A Journal Entry

Question: Discuss about the Healthcare Economics for A Journal Entry. Answer: Healthcare economics deals with the efficient financial management of healthcare, and the effective functioning of healthcare systems and the influence of habits and behaviors affecting health. Viewing healthcare as a service, it also involves the analysis of the demand and supply of healthcare, and the mechanisms of its monitoring and evaluation at the bigger picture.(Wiseman, 2011) The factors that decide the impact of healthcare economics are the stakeholders of health, namely the healthcare beneficiaries, the healthcare providers, the management staff and the investors, in the order of benefit by the service. Five main principles in economics and their relevance in healthcare are discussed below. Scarcity Given that there is a limited quantity of resources actually available, even though the quantity of resources desired is much higher, the concept of scarcity occurs. In order to bridge the gap between the desired and the available resources, there must be effective utilization of resources. For example, during resource scarcity, the resources needed to build a hospital with advanced infrastructure can be cut down, to provide for availing better technology in medicine.(Feldstein, 2012) Supply and demand Analysis of supply-demand chin in healthcare is a bit complex, as the product is not a material commodity, but a service, or rather a much desirable physical and mental state. Demand in healthcare denoted the individuals intentions and actions to maintain good health, or in other words to invest on the health capital. This invariably leads to increase healthcare production by the providers, thus aiming to achieve equilibrium in the healthcare economics. Margin Healthcare margin is defined as the efficacy of the change in the healthcare scenario by slightly altering the decisions made on a particular issue. For example, if changes made in the allocation of the healthcare budget, such as purchasing a new advanced diagnostic device altogether would make the marginal cost high whereas reducing the allocation from infrastructure management to the purchase of medical devices would lower the marginal costs. Marginal benefit is the extra benefit gained by altering fund allocation. Efficiency Efficiency is the ability to produce good results by employing as minimal resources as possible, and utilizing them to their complete capacity. In healthcare, efficiency is achieved by applying the use of optimal resources at optimal costs, and by calculated allocations in each sector.(Scott-II, Solomon, McGowan Jr., 2001) In a hospital set up, the efficiency of services can be managed by proper utilization of services, avoiding hospital readmissions by ensuring patient compliance, etc. Equity Equity is defined as the availability of resources to the people who need them. For example, healthcare resources must be made available to all the consumers irrespective of their differences. Equity differs from equality with respect to fairness; the latter mandates an equal share to all stakeholders while the former mandates more share to the most deserving. The concept of equity is an important factor in the allocation of the healthcare budget.(Parkin, 2009) A calculated application of economics in healthcare is essential for providing healthcare, for preventive measures, for research purposes, and in emergency situations. Bibliography Feldstein, P. J. (2012). Health care economics. Cengage Learning. Parkin, D. (2009). Principles of health economics (including the notions of scarcity, supply and demand, marginal analysis, distinctions between need and demand, opportunity cost, margins, efficiency and equity). Public Health Action Support Team CIC. Scott-II, D. R., Solomon, S. L., McGowan Jr., J. E. (2001). Applying Economic Principles to Health Care. Emerging Infectious Diseases , 282-285. Wiseman, V. (2011). Key concepts in health economics.

The Catholic Inquisition Essay Example

The Catholic Inquisition Essay The Catholic Inquisition is best defined as a crusade by the church to rid the world of heretics. However, the scope under which these measures were carried out is a testament to the power that the Catholic Church exercised over both the ruling class (kings, lords, and other nobles) in addition to the lay people and commoners. Prior to the 1 lath century, the nobles had increasingly dictated church affairs, as they were making secular choices for bishops. This was important for the nobles to do because a bishop would often be the governmental administrator for a town, in edition to the spiritual leader. However, the papacy began to chafe at this external interference, and more so this external exertion of power. Thus, a spirit of reform came about, spearheaded by Pope Gregory VI. He laid out assertions of power that were to be uniform across the Catholic world, with such edicts as: The Pope alone would appoint or depose bishops The Pope alone would have his feet kissed by princes The Pope alone could depose emperors None of the Popes Judgments could be overturned, except by he himself No one could Judge the Pope The Popes decisions were Infallible With such sweeping powers, plus the supposed moral high-ground, the Church now sat as equal If not greater to any monarchy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Catholic Inquisition specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Catholic Inquisition specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Catholic Inquisition specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As time went on, these powers evolved Into a formal court known as the Inquisition which would serve as the means to exercise these powers against enemies of the Church. In the beginning of the 13th century, these courts could try those accused of being heretics. The accusers did not have to face the victim, thus leaving room for abuses and false accusations. Also, a confession or a denial could equally result In punishment; with the former resulting In a flogging or confiscation of property and he latter resulting In torture and/or death. The true Insight Into the relationship between the church and society Is that no other Institution, regardless of Influence or power, could have carried out such a nefarious means of accomplishing Its objectives. Only the church, with the supposed backing of God, could commit such travesties and not be overthrown. However, both nobles and commoners, In constant fear of delve consequences, had no choice but to submit and obey. The Popes decisions were infallible sat as equal if not greater to any monarchy. As time went on, these powers evolved into a formal court known as the Inquisition abuses and false accusations. Also, a confession or a denial could equally result in punishment; with the former resulting in a flogging or confiscation of property and the latter resulting in torture and/or death. The true insight into the relationship between the church and society is that no other institution, regardless of influence or power, could have carried out such a nefarious means of accomplishing its objectives. Only the church, with the supposed backing of commoners, in constant fear of divine consequences, had no choice but to submit